TSUNAMI

Kuran and Yaciner (1993) report that at least 9 major tsunamis have occurred in the Marmara Sea. The most notable ones are:

• Sept.14, 1509: Tsunami in Marmara Sea. Low lying areas in Istanbul and Izmit Gulf were inundated. Waves crashed against walls inthe Golden Horn.
• Jul.10, 1894: Marmara. Low lying areas in Princes' Islands were floaded.
• Sept.18, 1963: Eastern Marmara. Run up and some inundation at Bandirma coast

(Kuran, U. and A.C.Yalciner (1993), Crack Propagations, Earthquakes and Tsunamis in the Vicinity of Anatolia, in Tsunamis in the World, ed.by S.Tinti, pp.159-175)

In 1999 Adapazari earthquake tsunami wave amplitudes have reportedly reached 4 m. in Golcuk.

      (Ship shifted to onshore by tsunami)

SEA WATER INUNDATION:

The north block of the faulting blocks has been downthrown by about 2m. as it has been the case with major earthquakes along the North Anatolian Fault. The subsidence and the sea water inundation at Golcuk is probably the result of this tectonic deformation. Subsidence and coastal landslides have left a substantial portion of the town of Degirmendere inundated with sea water up to the second floor level of apartment blocks.
Similar incidences also exist at Karamursel to a lesser extent.

(Inundation by sea water due to coastal subsidence and landsliding)